2026-09-24T18:13:12Z https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/oai

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/1 2026-03-14T03:13:22Z cases:C driver

Navigating Uncertainty: Maersk Line's Strategic Response to COVID-19 Challenges Mondal, Swati COVID Shipping Global shipping industry Operational resilience Supply Chain Management Maersk Line, a global leader in container shipping, faced unprecedented challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, which tested its operational resilience and, more importantly, its strategic adaptability. As the backbone of international trade, the company’s role became more critical than ever amidst the global crisis. The pandemic brought about an era of uncertainty, with widespread supply chain disruptions, fluctuating consumer demand, and the necessity to comply with stringent health protocols. These factors created a challenging environment that demanded swift decision-making, innovation, and an unwavering commitment to customer service. The outbreak of COVID-19 underscored the interconnectedness of global supply chains and the pivotal role that companies like Maersk play. As nations implemented lockdowns and restrictions, Maersk’s ability to adapt to these rapid changes became a critical factor in maintaining global trade. This case study examines Maersk’s response to the pandemic, focusing on the strategies implemented to navigate these challenges and the outcomes that shaped the company’s trajectory during and after the crisis. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/1 Open Access Cases; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): Q1 2024 (January-March) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/1/12 Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/2 2026-03-14T03:12:25Z cases:C driver

The Indian Edtech Evolution: From Boom to Struggle and the Path Forward Panchal, Nirav India Edtech Indian edtech companies have played a key role in transforming the education sector by leveraging technology to improve accessibility and learning opportunities. These companies have experienced significant growth, particularly driven by the surge in demand for online education solutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in the past two years, there has been a noticeable decline in funding for edtech firms, signaling a slowdown in the industry. Many believe that the boom in the edtech sector was largely driven by the pandemic and may not be a sustainable long-term model. In 2022, Physics Wallah became a major success by offering a wide array of educational services. Despite a surge in revenue, reaching Rs 770 crore in 2022-2023, the company faced a decline in profitability, highlighting the challenges in sustaining growth. Vedantu, a well-known startup, focuses on live online tutoring and aims to create a personalized, interactive learning experience for students. Unacademy has also revolutionized coaching methods by offering online courses and live classes, making education more accessible. Newer companies like WhiteHat Jr, Infinity Learn, EduGorilla, and TrainerCentral are equipping youth with essential digital skills, though they still struggle with maintaining high standards and bridging the digital divide. As these companies continuously innovate to meet the evolving needs of learners, the Indian edtech sector is poised for further growth, which will shape the future of education in the country. Byju's is a notable example of success, leading the sector with its innovative educational approach. It became a unicorn and a global leader by introducing an interactive and adaptive learning model that resonated particularly with students preparing for competitive exams. However, recent developments reveal that Byju's is burdened with significant liabilities. When Aakash tried to integrate with Byju’s, it found the company’s internal structure to be chaotic, with unclear roles and an undefined chain of command. Byju’s valuation has sharply declined, and the company is currently facing three legal complaints before the National Company Law Tribunal, including one from the BCCI, term loan B lenders, and Teleperformance, a French digital services firm. The situation worsens as investigations by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and the Enforcement Directorate continue, leaving Byju’s in a precarious position in an otherwise fast-growing industry. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/2 Open Access Cases; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): Q2 2024 (April-June) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/2/11 Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/3 2026-03-14T03:12:25Z cases:CR driver

Analyzing CFO Leadership: Addressing Economic Challenges and Strategic Priorities McKingsley, Scott Strategic Leadership Chief Financial Officer Risk Management Regulatory Compliance The Deloitte 2Q23 CFO Signals Report offers an in-depth examination of the priorities, challenges, and strategic approaches undertaken by Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) across North America. In this illuminating report, CFOs share insights on how they are maneuvering through an increasingly intricate economic landscape, characterized by factors such as rising inflation, geopolitical tensions, regulatory shifts, and changing expectations from stakeholders. This case study delves into several critical themes emerging from the report, including the specific economic challenges faced by CFOs and their innovative responses, the strategies they employ for effective risk management and regulatory compliance, trends unique to various industries, and their forecasts for future growth. Through these discussions, the report paints a comprehensive picture of the CFO landscape in today's dynamic business environment. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/3 Open Access Cases; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): Q2 2024 (April-June) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/3/16 Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/4 2026-03-14T03:13:22Z cases:CR driver

Adani Group and Hindenburg Research: Examining Fraud Allegations and Market Repercussions M. Patel, Jigna Adani Group Hindenburg Research Corporate governance Short-seller activism Internal compliance systems The controversy between the Adani Group, a prominent Indian conglomerate with diverse business interests including energy, infrastructure, and resources, and Hindenburg Research, a U.S.-based financial research firm known for its investigative reports on corporate malfeasance, has sparked significant debate on corporate governance and market transparency. In January 2023, Hindenburg released a report accusing the Adani Group of stock manipulation, accounting irregularities, and leveraging opaque corporate structures to inflate financial performance. These allegations led to a swift and severe market reaction, resulting in a massive erosion of Adani Group's market value and a loss of investor confidence.   The fallout from these allegations prompted regulatory action not only in India but also globally. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and the Indian Supreme Court launched investigations into the claims, while credit rating agencies and institutional investors around the world reassessed their positions on Adani-linked assets, reflecting concerns about governance and financial practices. The case also reignited debates on the role of short-seller activism, a practice where investors bet against a company's stock, and its impact on market stability.   This commentary underscores the critical importance of transparency and accountability in corporate governance. It serves as a wake-up call for companies to strengthen internal compliance systems and for regulators to adopt stricter frameworks to safeguard market integrity. The Adani-Hindenburg dispute highlights the need for companies to balance corporate ambition with ethical and transparent business practices, a crucial factor in maintaining trust in the financial ecosystem. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/4 Open Access Cases; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): Q1 2024 (January-March) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/4/15 Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/5 2026-03-14T03:11:37Z cases:C driver

Critical Analysis of AMPIN Energy Transition: Assessing Its Strategic Decisions and Challenges Banerjee, Soumyajit Renewable Energy India The global energy landscape is transforming profoundly as the urgency to combat climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensifies. Nations and industries worldwide are pivoting toward renewable energy sources, which have emerged as critical solutions for achieving sustainability and energy independence. In this context, India has positioned itself as a leader in the renewable energy sector, driven by ambitious government policies, favourable investment climates, and a growing demand for clean energy solutions. AMPIN Energy Transition Private Limited (AETPL, formerly AMP Energy India Private Limited) is a key player in this evolving narrative. Since its inception in 2016, AETPL has been vital in advancing renewable energy adoption in India. The company operates across a diversified portfolio, including utility-scale solar, rooftop solar, and hybrid energy projects, underscoring its commitment to a sustainable energy future. By employing innovative strategies, such as a cluster-based management approach, and fostering partnerships with marquee investors like Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners (CIP), Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC), and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), AETPL has emerged as a prominent entity in the renewable energy ecosystem. This case study critically examines AETPL’s journey, highlighting its strategic framework, operational challenges, solutions, and measurable outcomes. As the company expands its portfolio and navigates the complexities of renewable energy development, it provides valuable insights into the interplay of innovation, financial planning, and operational excellence required to succeed in this competitive and high-stakes sector. By scrutinizing its approaches and results, this analysis aims to distil actionable lessons that can guide other stakeholders in the renewable energy industry while emphasizing the critical importance of addressing systemic risks and achieving long-term sustainability goals. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/5 Open Access Cases; Vol. 1 No. 3 (2024): Q3 2024 (July-September) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/5/24 Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/6 2026-03-14T03:11:37Z cases:CR driver

Review of Bhutan NDI & ToIP Digital Trust Ecosystems Wangdi, Tshering Bhutan Digital Identity The Bhutan National Digital Identity (NDI) case study, authored by Pallavi Sharma, a key figure in the Bhutan National Digital Identity Project at Druk Holding & Investments, and Eric Drury, Director of Forthco.io, highlights an ambitious and forward-looking initiative undertaken by Bhutan. Their expertise and experience in digital identity and governance lend credibility to the insights presented in this case study. This project represents the Kingdom's strategic efforts to establish a robust national digital trust ecosystem seamlessly integrating citizens, governmental institutions, and private organisations. By adopting the transformative principles of Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI), the NDI system prioritizes secure, privacy-centric, and inclusive digital interactions. This approach safeguards user data and empowers individuals with greater control over their personal information, setting the stage for a digitally empowered society. The initiative aligns with Bhutan's broader vision of leveraging digital transformation to foster national progress and lay the groundwork for a thriving digital economy. It reflects the country's strategic foresight in embracing cutting-edge technologies to enhance the efficiency of public services strengthen governance, and catalyse economic growth. The case study provides a detailed and holistic perspective on Bhutan's unique circumstances, including its challenging geographical terrain, dispersed rural population, and economic structure largely centred around agriculture. These factors have historically posed barriers to equitable access to public services and digital inclusion. By embracing SSI principles, Bhutan has effectively addressed these challenges through a decentralised framework emphasising privacy preservation, security, and adaptability. This decentralised approach aligns with Bhutan's commitment to safeguarding individual privacy and ensures inclusivity, particularly for remote and underserved communities. By overcoming infrastructure limitations and reducing dependency on traditional centralised systems, the Bhutan NDI initiative demonstrates the potential of technology to bridge divides and foster nationwide digital connectivity. This ambitious endeavour serves as a shining example for other nations and instils optimism about the future of digital governance. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/6 Open Access Cases; Vol. 1 No. 3 (2024): Q3 2024 (July-September) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/6/19 Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/7 2026-03-14T03:12:25Z cases:C driver

The Evolution of PropTech in India: A Close Examination of NoBroker’s Rise and Challenges Sinha, Diksha India Real Estate PropTech India’s real estate landscape stands at an inflection point as technology-driven business models, known broadly as property technology (PropTech), increasingly define how properties are bought, sold, or rented. Historically, real estate in India was largely an unorganised sector, hindered by opaque transactions, unverified listings, and high brokerage fees. Yet, the rapid growth of digital platforms indicates a shift toward transparency and efficiency. According to a Knight Frank India report, the top eight Indian cities have seen a steady upswing in real estate transactions over the past decade, underscoring both pent-up demand and the influence of technology on consumer behaviour. While PropTech solutions range widely—from online listing portals to co-living arrangements—one of the most emblematic cases is NoBroker, a platform that removes traditional brokerage barriers by directly connecting property owners with buyers and tenants. Yet, NoBroker’s journey was punctuated by direct confrontations with brokers, a complicated regulatory environment, and the challenge of sustaining long-term profitability. The company’s trajectory illustrates not only the potential of PropTech but also the persistent structural issues that continue to shape the real estate sector in India. This case study offers a deeply analytical look at how PropTech has evolved in India, highlighting NoBroker as a critical study in disruption, growth, and ongoing challenges. By weaving together insights from regulatory changes, customer-centric technology, and the emergence of new capital sources, this discussion aims to provide a balanced view of India’s PropTech evolution.   IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/7 Open Access Cases; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): Q2 2024 (April-June) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/7/22 Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/8 2026-03-14T03:16:37Z cases:C driver

GoJek’s Trajectory in Southeast Asia: Disruption, Growth, and Emerging Challenges Sinha, Diksha Indonesia Gojek Transportation South East Asia By January 2025, GoJek has firmly established itself as one of Southeast Asia’s most prominent tech conglomerates, known for on-demand ride-hailing, digital payments, e-commerce facilitation, and more. Founded as a small motorbike taxi-call centre in 2010, the company has evolved to become a multi-service platform offering everything from personal transport to food delivery, courier services, home cleaning, and financial services. Building on Indonesia’s rapid digital adoption, GoJek has played a central role in reshaping urban mobility, small business empowerment, and consumers’ digital habits. Yet, the journey has not been without hurdles; the company has faced significant competition, complicated regulatory frameworks, and operational controversies, including allegations that it discourages driver unionization. This essay delves deep into GoJek’s transformative trajectory as a disruptive force, mapping out the social, economic, and regulatory implications of its business model. By placing GoJek’s expansion and challenges in context, this discussion will provide an objective view of whether its business qualifies as a “disruptive innovation” and how it has reshaped the Indonesian—and by extension, the Southeast Asian—digital economy. The analysis will also highlight how GoJek navigates issues of unionization, technology investment, and strategic alliances in an increasingly competitive market. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2025-01-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/8 Open Access Cases; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): Q1 2025 (January-March) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/8/21 Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/9 2026-03-14T03:09:18Z cases:C driver

Ecobank: A Case Study on Resilience and Expansion in African Banking Adeyemi, Chinedu Banking Africa Financial Inclusion  Ecobank Transnational Incorporated (ETI) is a leading pan-African banking institution established in 1985, aimed at addressing the financial needs of entrepreneurs and fostering economic development across West Africa. Founded by a coalition of business leaders, including Gervais Koffi Djondo and Adeyemi Lawson, Ecobank was designed to facilitate trade and investment within the region and was the first bank to operate across multiple African countries under a unified brand. With its headquarters in Lomé, Togo, Ecobank has expanded to over 30 countries, offering a diverse array of financial services tailored to both corporate and retail customers, thereby becoming a crucial player in Africa's financial landscape. Ecobank's significance lies not only in its extensive network and comprehensive service offerings but also in its pivotal role in fostering economic development. The bank operates through three primary segments—Corporate Bank, Domestic Bank, and Ecobank Capital—providing services such as trade financing, cash management, and investment banking. Its strategic focus on technological integration has enabled it to adapt to the rapidly evolving financial landscape and enhance customer engagement through digital banking solutions. Furthermore, Ecobank has positioned itself as a catalyst for sustainable development, investing in environmental practices and community engagement initiatives across the continent. Despite its achievements, Ecobank has faced various challenges, including political instability, increased competition from local banks and fintech companies, and economic volatility in the African markets. These factors have raised concerns regarding its profitability and market position. Additionally, the bank's operational model has been scrutinized due to its extensive geographical reach and the complexities of managing regulatory compliance across diverse jurisdictions. Nevertheless, Ecobank continues to strive for growth and transformation, focusing on revenue diversification and enhancing operational efficiency to navigate these hurdles. In recent years, Ecobank has reported significant financial milestones, including surpassing $2 billion in net revenue, a testament to its robust business model and effective management. The bank also achieved a Return on Tangible Shareholders Equity (ROTE) of 24.9%, indicating its ability to generate profits from its shareholders' investments. However, the bank also grapples with challenges related to credit quality and non-performing loans, underscoring the need for robust risk management strategies. As it seeks to capitalize on emerging opportunities while addressing inherent risks, Ecobank remains a vital institution in Africa's banking sector, embodying the continent's aspirations for economic growth and financial inclusion.energy industry while emphasizing the critical importance of addressing systemic risks and achieving long-term sustainability goals. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2025-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/9 Open Access Cases; Vol. 1 No. 4 (2024): Q4 2024 (October-December) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/9/25 Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/10 2026-03-14T03:16:37Z cases:C driver

Bikago: Revolutionizing Sustainable Mobility in Bali's Tourism Boom Wiradewi, Komang Ayu Tourism Indonesia Bali Bike Rental Bikago is a leading bike rental service in Bali that has gained prominence in response to the increasing demand for eco-friendly transportation solutions within the island's bustling tourism industry. As Bali experiences a significant influx of visitors and a corresponding rise in traffic congestion—especially in popular areas such as Ubud and Canggu—Bikago has emerged as a viable alternative for tourists seeking convenient and sustainable mobility options. This service not only enhances accessibility to various attractions but also aligns with the global movement towards sustainable travel practices, making it a notable contributor to Bali's tourism landscape. Founded during rapid tourism growth, Bikago has effectively capitalized on traffic congestion challenges, offering a diverse fleet of bicycles and scooters that allow tourists to navigate Bali's narrow roads more efficiently. By integrating advanced technology, including GPS tracking and seamless payment systems, Bikago has positioned itself at the forefront of the bike rental market, ensuring a user-friendly experience that appeals to environmentally conscious travelers. However, the rise of Bikago and similar services has not been without controversy. Local business owners have expressed concerns regarding unfair competition from foreign-operated bike rentals that often evade regulations, potentially undermining the local economy and leading to calls for stricter oversight of the bike rental sector.   IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2025-01-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/10 Open Access Cases; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): Q1 2025 (January-March) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/10/26 Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/11 2026-03-14T03:16:37Z cases:CR driver

An In-depth Overview and Analysis of the Indonesian Banking Sector Syah, Ahmad Rizki Banking Indonesia The banking industry in Indonesia is a crucial component of the nation's economy, characterized by a rich history spanning from the Dutch colonial era to modern digital innovations. Initially established to support trade and colonial interests, the sector has evolved significantly, particularly after Indonesia's independence in 1945. The introduction of the Banking Act in 1967 marked a pivotal moment in formalizing regulations that continue to govern the industry today, facilitating the growth of commercial, rural, and digital banks while ensuring financial stability and inclusivity across the population. In recent years, the Indonesian banking landscape has undergone rapid transformation, driven by technological advancements and the increasing role of financial technology (fintech). Digital banking has gained momentum, catering to the previously unbanked population and offering innovative financial solutions such as peer-to-peer lending and Islamic banking. However, this evolution has also introduced challenges, including rising competition, cybersecurity threats, and the necessity for effective regulatory frameworks to balance innovation with consumer protection. The COVID-19 pandemic further complicated the sector, exposing vulnerabilities and leading to increased non-performing loans, particularly among fintech firms. Meanwhile, traditional banks have demonstrated resilience through effective loan restructuring strategies. Notably, the regulatory environment is currently being refined to address the rapid pace of digital transformation and enhance the stability of the banking system amid economic uncertainties. Overall, the future outlook for the Indonesian banking industry appears promising, with projected growth fueled by a focus on financial literacy, inclusive services, and sustainable economic development. The Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, OJK) has laid out strategic initiatives to enhance the sector's resilience and competitiveness, particularly in the wake of post-pandemic recovery efforts, positioning Indonesia's banking industry for significant expansion in the coming years. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2025-01-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/11 Open Access Cases; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): Q1 2025 (January-March) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/11/27 Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/12 2026-03-14T03:09:18Z cases:C driver

Defense Innovation at an Inflection Point: The Rise of New Primes like Anduril and the Changing Military-Tech Ecosystem T. Caldwell, David Defense Contractor National Security United States Few periods in modern history rival the current pace of technological transformation witnessed by the defense sector. Over the past few years, the United States Department of Defense (DoD), along with allied militaries worldwide, has grappled with rapid shifts in the global security environment. From the use of drones in Ukraine and the Middle East to advanced naval threats in the Indo-Pacific, the urgency to develop flexible, cost-effective, and AI-driven solutions is clear. Traditional defense contractors—such as Lockheed Martin, Boeing, and Raytheon—still command the lion’s share of government budgets, but a fresh cohort of “new-prime” or “disruptor” startups is beginning to prove their mettle. Anduril Industries, founded in 2017, epitomizes this emergent wave[1]. With a software-centric approach, private venture capital funding, and a willingness to build prototypes before official government solicitations, the company has rapidly expanded. Yet, Anduril’s achievements are neither isolated nor monolithic. A broader reconfiguration of the defense-industrial landscape is unfolding—one that includes Palantir, Epirus, Scale AI, and more, all seeking to reimagine how advanced technologies integrate with large-scale military programs. In this essay, we delve into the intersection of high-tech autonomy, software-driven development, and contemporary defense imperatives. While Anduril figures prominently—given its multi-billion-dollar valuation and major contracts—this narrative extends beyond one company. It is a story about how militaries are rapidly adapting to new paradigms, the challenges (and controversies) that come with disruptive innovation, and the future trajectory of a sector once characterized by big, slow, and expensive platforms. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/12 Open Access Cases; Vol. 1 No. 4 (2024): Q4 2024 (October-December) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/12/28 Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/13 2026-03-14T03:09:18Z cases:CR driver

Water Literacy through Citizen Science Approach Bal Bhargava, Mansee Citizen Science Water Conservation The world is going through unprecedented water crisis. Much of the climate crisis and socialecological-economic crises and even political crisis are brewing from the linked water crisis. India is among the most distressed in terms of water crisis. The water crisis seems an inherent challenge as we continue pushing the droughts and floods to the conflicts of ownership, access, equity, sanitation, gender, and more. That is further challenged by the governance of resilience with policies and projects driven by more mitigation measures than prevention and adaptation measures and with often a normative perspective of a lost battle. The rising water crisis in acountry that is abundant in water wisdom is worth questioning and resolving. With the rise in the water crisis, the mitigation and adaptation approaches are also maturing globally and in India. A necessary fundamental change among the water practitioners in policy, research, academia, and practice is now fully realized. The realization has also brought into focus the role of citizen science in fostering mainstream science and societal engagement towards discussing the water worries and collectively finding the possible solutions. Since, water management is after all people management, water literacy through citizen science approach is extensively experimented primarily to collect data, collate ideas and curate actions to finding local solutions to the global water problems. Since, the approach creates room for community discourses and decisions towards water conservation, management, and resilience building.Citizen science was always existing and exploited to make science and policy. One may argue that the foundation of the modern science is laid by the citizen science. And in that in that way, it is coming to full circle, seeking its long overdue acknowledgement and appreciation. One may also argue that the values and ethos of citizen science has evolved from the traditional (community) water conservation and management practices and thus is a powerful framework to bring behavioural change in the society. That it is an important input into making science is finally acknowledged and appreciated by the scientific community and policy field is something to reckon with and rejoice for making the citizen science framework more robust. It’s contribution in making the complex science look comprehensible to produce a knowledge and composable into wisdom to apply on ground then and there with the community needs more institutional arrangements. The emergence of citizen science is imperative in the current times to connect science and society.  IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/13 Open Access Cases; Vol. 1 No. 4 (2024): Q4 2024 (October-December) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/13/29 Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/15 2026-03-14T03:09:18Z cases:C driver

Metadata Harvesting: Applications and Influence in Digital Publishing Nag, Ruben Guhathakurta, Rahul Metadata Metadata harvesting The digital publishing landscape is in a state of perpetual evolution, driven by rapid advancements in technology, shifting user expectations, and the exponential growth of digital content. As of November 2024, the proliferation of online platforms—ranging from open access repositories to real-time news aggregators—has created a vast, interconnected ecosystem where billions of articles, datasets, and multimedia assets compete for visibility and relevance. Within this dynamic environment, metadata emerges as a key enabler, providing the structured information necessary for content discoverability, system compatibility, and audience interaction. Metadata harvesting, the systematic and often automated process of gathering, normalizing, and aggregating this metadata from diverse sources, has become a fundamental pillar supporting both academic and news publishing. This article delves into the technical underpinnings of metadata harvesting, its methodologies, standards, and transformative applications, offering a comprehensive analysis of its critical role in the digital publishing industry. By examining its distinct yet overlapping contributions to academic publishing and news publishing, we illuminate how metadata harvesting enhances content accessibility, empowers data-driven decision-making, and catalyses innovation across an increasingly interconnected digital ecosystem. Metadata, at its core, is "data about data"—a structured layer of descriptors that encapsulates essential attributes of digital resources. In digital publishing, this includes bibliographic details (e.g., titles, authors, publication dates), semantic tags (e.g., keywords, categories), technical identifiers (e.g., DOIs, URLs), and contextual metrics (e.g., citation counts, view statistics). Unlike raw content, metadata is machine-readable, enabling systems to index, link, and process vast datasets efficiently. Metadata harvesting amplifies this utility by collecting metadata at scale from heterogeneous sources—academic repositories, journal databases, news websites, or content management systems (CMS)—using protocols like the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH), RESTful APIs, or RSS feeds. The process involves three technical stages: extraction, where metadata is retrieved via HTTP requests or API calls; normalization, where disparate formats are aligned into unified schemas using tools like XSLT or ontology mappings; and aggregation, where harvested data is stored in centralized indexes (e.g., Elasticsearch) or distributed databases for querying and analysis. This structured approach distinguishes harvesting from unstructured web scraping, ensuring precision and interoperability in data handling. In academic publishing, metadata harvesting underpins the global dissemination of scholarly knowledge, addressing the needs of researchers, institutions, and funding bodies. Repositories like arXiv or PubMed expose metadata through OAI-PMH endpoints, delivering XML-encoded records in Dublin Core or JATS formats, which harvesters like CORE aggregate into searchable portals. This facilitates discovery across institutional silos, supports interoperability with tools like reference managers (e.g., Mendeley) via APIs, and enables analytics platforms (e.g., Dimensions) to compute research impact using harvested citation metadata. The technical infrastructure—built on distributed computing frameworks like Apache Hadoop and semantic standards like RDF—ensures that metadata not only locates content but also connects it to broader scholarly ecosystems, such as funding data or co-authorship networks. In news publishing, metadata harvesting operates with a different rhythm, driven by the imperatives of immediacy, audience engagement, and monetization. News organizations and aggregators like Google News harvest metadata from RSS feeds, CMS APIs, or schema.org markup embedded in HTML, capturing fields like headlines, publication timestamps, and geotags. This metadata powers real-time syndication (e.g., Reuters Connect’s NewsML-G2 feeds), boosts SEO through structured data parsed by crawlers like Googlebot, and informs personalization algorithms that recommend articles based on user behavior. The technical backbone—real-time pipelines (e.g., Apache Kafka), NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB), and edge computing nodes—ensures that metadata keeps pace with the rapid churn of news cycles, delivering content to diverse endpoints, from mobile apps to affiliate networks. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/15 Open Access Cases; Vol. 1 No. 4 (2024): Q4 2024 (October-December) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/15/30 Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/16 2026-03-14T03:16:37Z cases:C driver

Indomie Unpacked: A Case Study on the Global Rise, Socioeconomic Impact, and Controversies of an Instant Noodle Empire Prameswari, Putri Indonesia Food Industry Ethical Marketing Consumer Behavior If you think of foods that have crossed cultural and geographical boundaries with striking success, instant noodles might be high on your list. Popular for their convenience, affordability, and unique ability to adapt to local palates, instant noodles now occupy kitchen shelves in countless homes worldwide. Yet one brand, in particular, seems to dominate discussions about the global instant noodle phenomenon: Indomie. Produced by an Indonesian conglomerate, this staple has carved out a formidable presence across Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and beyond, finding its way into over 100 countries. Alongside its impressive reach, Indomie ignites conversation—both praise and controversy. For some, it symbolizes convenience, low cost, broad flavour profiles, and even cultural nostalgia. For others, concerns over health implications have cast a shadow, especially with periodic recalls in different markets due to alleged chemical residues or evolving safety standards. Nonetheless, the brand’s social footprint goes beyond just food; philanthropic initiatives such as scholarship awards in Kaduna State, Nigeria, show Indomie’s philanthropic approach. On the flip side, regulatory bodies sometimes step in when consumer fears about certain ingredients arise, as happened recently with ethylene oxide being detected in certain shipments. Against this backdrop, the instant noodles phenomenon—especially Indomie’s role—deserves thorough examination. This paper aims to offer a balanced, data-driven exploration of Indomie’s influence, focusing on consumer behaviour factors, socioeconomic developments, brand expansion strategies, health-related controversies, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and crisis management. By weaving together various sources and scholarly discussions, the paper clarifies how a simple product can become a source of both economic opportunity and public debate around health and consumer protection. The discussion begins with a historical perspective, then shifts to analysing the product’s sociocultural and economic impact. Subsequent sections delve into brand positioning, marketing practices, controversies, philanthropic efforts, and how the brand continues to be shaped by—and reshape—global consumer patterns. Through this lens, you can better understand how an instant noodle can become a near-ubiquitous household name and sometimes a source of heated debate. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2025-03-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/16 Open Access Cases; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): Q1 2025 (January-March) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/16/33 Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/17 2026-03-14T03:11:37Z cases:C driver

Powering India’s Electric Future: The Rise of EV Charging Infrastructure and Servotech’s Strategic Play Raj, K. Aravind Electric Vehicles Electric Vehicles Charging India Electric mobility in India has progressed from being a niche aspiration to a rapidly expanding market reality. Since early governmental impulses, such as the introduction of the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme in 2015, the country’s EV sector has pivoted from limited consumer interest to a more robust market ecosystem in less than a decade. By September 2024, electric vehicles (EVs) had grown to represent around 5 percent of overall vehicle sales, led overwhelmingly by two- and three-wheelers. Though that figure may seem modest in absolute terms, growth trajectories and policy commitments forecast a far larger penetration in the next five years. Against this backdrop, the availability of EV charging infrastructure has emerged as a linchpin: without widespread, reliable points to recharge batteries, mass adoption and sustained enthusiasm for e-mobility remain impossible. The Indian government envisions that by 2030, the share of EVs in new vehicle sales could top 40 percent overall—a target that translates to tens of millions of additional electric two-, three-, and four-wheelers on roads already strained by traffic and pollution. FAME-II, launched in 2019, has offered further impetus by funding both vehicle subsidies and the development of public charging stations across major cities. India’s Ministry of Power additionally introduced guidelines for charging infrastructure in 2022 (amended further in April 2023) to standardize tariffs and connection procedures, removing certain operational grey areas. Despite these measures, experts warn that India might need anywhere from 400,000 to over a million public charging stations by 2030—far beyond the 16,000 or so installed as of March 2024. Against this policy-driven and increasingly competitive backdrop, a range of companies—from energy conglomerates like Tata Power to rising specialized players such as Servotech Renewable Power System Limited —have been attempting to meet the urgent need for more charging options across highways, petrol pumps, city centres, and even remote townships. This paper explores a panoramic assessment of India’s EV charging sector, tracing the interplay of national regulation, market demand, and strategic company moves. Particular emphasis is placed on emerging players such as Servotech in contrast with established players such as Tata Power, whose evolution in the Indian charging arena neatly illustrates both the immense potential and the continuing operational hurdles that characterize the field.     IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/17 Open Access Cases; Vol. 1 No. 3 (2024): Q3 2024 (July-September) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/17/32 Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/19 2026-03-14T03:15:12Z cases:C driver

Socioeconomic Transformations, Engineering Imperatives, and Supply-Chain Localization in the Emerging EV Sector: A comprehensive examination of VinFast Hằng , Nguyễn Minh Electric Vehicles Emerging Economies Vietnam Automotive Sector Start-up Imperative Local Workforce Development Engineering and Safety Standards The global shift toward electric vehicles (EVs) is reshaping how emerging economies approach industrialization, infrastructure, and sustainability. At the center of this transformation is VinFast, a Vietnamese EV manufacturer backed by the powerful Vingroup conglomerate. With bold expansion plans and significant financial support, VinFast is not only targeting domestic growth but also pursuing entry into major markets across Asia, North America, and Europe. Its rapid ascent exemplifies both the promise and pressure facing new EV players as they scale up in a high-stakes, fast-moving industry. This case study examines three interconnected themes that define VinFast’s strategy and challenges. First, it explores the socioeconomic impact of building large EV factories in developing regions—highlighting both the potential for job creation and infrastructure development, as well as the risks of displacement, environmental strain, and uneven benefits for local communities. Second, it assesses the engineering imperative of balancing innovation with safety. As a relatively young automaker under pressure to launch quickly, VinFast faces scrutiny over whether its vehicles meet global standards amid shortened R&D cycles. Third, the study delves into supply-chain localization, a critical factor for reducing costs and gaining market traction, especially in countries with high import tariffs and evolving EV ecosystems. Drawing from real-world developments—including VinFast’s reported losses, growing domestic sales, and possible collaborations with Indian conglomerates—the paper offers nuanced insights into what it takes to grow a sustainable and competitive EV brand in emerging markets. VinFast’s case illustrates the delicate balance between speed and responsibility, opportunity and risk, innovation and infrastructure. By examining its trajectory, the study contributes to a broader understanding of how EV industrialization can be both an economic catalyst and a governance challenge in the Global South. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2025-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/19 Open Access Cases; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Q2 2025 (April-June) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/19/34 Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/20 2026-03-14T03:15:12Z cases:C driver

The Paradox of Privacy and Security in Gated Communities: A Study of MyGate Shrestha, Manisha Digital security Gated communities Data privacy Community management platforms Trust and transparency Ethical data governance Visitor management systems As digital technologies increasingly mediate urban living, platforms like MyGate have redefined security management in gated communities across India. This case study explores the paradox at the heart of such innovation—where enhanced physical security through digital means comes at the potential cost of individual privacy and ethical data governance. Drawing from anthropology, environmental psychology, and data ethics, the study critically examines how MyGate balances convenience, control, and community engagement while confronting rising concerns over surveillance, consent, and information misuse. Through a combination of primary insights and secondary sources, the paper analyzes the platform’s evolution, technological interventions, and privacy safeguards. It discusses the psychological impact of gated living, the illusion of safety, and the emergence of the “privacy paradox” in digital ecosystems. The study also investigates regulatory and ethical gaps, referencing lessons from high-profile global data privacy failures, and highlights the limitations of current data protection frameworks in the Indian residential tech space. Ultimately, the case presents a nuanced discussion of how technology, when deployed without robust ethical safeguards, can erode user trust and compromise fundamental rights. It calls for a reimagining of smart community systems grounded in transparency, minimalism in data collection, and resident agency—proposing that digital security must be as accountable as it is efficient. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2025-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/20 Open Access Cases; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Q2 2025 (April-June) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/20/35 Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/21 2026-03-14T03:15:12Z cases:C driver

Evaluating the Socio-Environmental and Operational Impacts of Namma Metro in Bengaluru: A Data-Driven Inquiry Sinha, Diksha Urban Mobility Mass Rapid Transit Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Fare Policy and Accessibility Sustainable Urban Planning This case study critically examines the evolution, impact, and challenges of Bengaluru’s Namma Metro as a key response to the city’s rapid urbanization and transportation crisis. Drawing from surveys, ridership data, official documents, and comparative international case studies, the research evaluates how effectively the Metro addresses urban mobility, environmental concerns, and socio-economic disparities. The analysis highlights tangible benefits such as increased ridership, reduced congestion along key corridors, and moderate pollution mitigation, while also scrutinizing persistent issues—last-mile connectivity gaps, fare controversies, project delays, and risks of gentrification. It emphasizes the importance of transparent fare policies, inclusive urban planning, and integrated multimodal systems to ensure the Metro evolves into an equitable and sustainable backbone of Bengaluru’s future. The findings offer broader implications for cities implementing mass rapid transit under similar developmental pressures. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2025-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/21 Open Access Cases; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Q2 2025 (April-June) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/21/36 Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/22 2026-03-14T03:15:12Z cases:C driver

Sustainability and Climate Resilience in Sri Lanka’s Tea Sector: Challenges, Pathways, and Lessons from Dilmah Senarathne, Hirunika Climate Resilience Sustainable Agriculture Ethical Supply Chains Corporate Social Responsibility Sri Lanka’s tea industry, globally revered for its “Ceylon Tea” legacy, is at a critical inflection point as climate change, economic pressures, and social inequities converge. This case study examines how one of Sri Lanka’s most recognized tea exporters, Dilmah, navigates these sustainability challenges through a combination of regenerative agriculture, philanthropic programs, brand-driven ethics, and diversification strategies. It investigates the growing climate vulnerabilities—rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, soil degradation—and their direct impact on tea yields, quality, and farmer livelihoods. Through a grounded analysis of Dilmah’s initiatives, including its “Integrity in Tea” ethos and the efforts of the MJF Charitable Foundation and Dilmah Conservation, the study explores whether brand-led sustainability can meaningfully offset systemic vulnerabilities in a deeply colonial and commodified sector. It further interrogates persistent controversies such as certification gaps, labour exploitation, and the global “discount culture” that suppresses producer margins. By combining corporate insights with broader policy, labour, and environmental contexts, the case offers a nuanced portrait of the complex trade-offs between profit, people, and the planet. Ultimately, the paper argues that sustainability in Sri Lanka’s tea sector demands more than isolated interventions—it requires integrated collaboration between the private sector, government, certifying bodies, and ethically aware consumers. As climate change accelerates, the long-term resilience of Ceylon Tea may hinge on how well its stewards balance commercial imperatives with ecological and social justice. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2025-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/22 Open Access Cases; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Q2 2025 (April-June) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/22/37 Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/23 2026-03-14T03:06:18Z cases:C driver

Skills, STEM, and Being ‘Future-Ready’: A Study of ORCHIDS The International School in Bengaluru’s Regulated Pedagogy G., Shubhangi K-12 governance Future-ready pedagogy Assessment reform Regulatory compliance Bengaluru school ecosystem Bengaluru’s K-12 ecosystem is frequently profiled as both innovative and exacting. The city’s public narrative includes high board outcomes, visible student innovation cultures, active private chains, and an assertive regulatory stance from state and central authorities. Parallel shifts in assessment, health norms, and admissions transparency have redefined expectations for school practice. This paper examines how the “future-ready” proposition is being operationalized under these conditions, with particular attention to schools like ORCHIDS The International School as a case lens for the intersection of pedagogy, assessment change, wellbeing policy, and compliance enforcement. The analysis traces the policy-to-classroom pipeline, assesses evidence behind innovation claims, reviews enforcement episodes and affiliation timelines, and proposes a practical set of validation points that can locate genuine capability in a high-scrutiny market. The approach is evidence-led and grounded in published reportage and policy explainer sources supplied for this study, with balanced attention to achievements and controversies, and an emphasis on tracing cause and effect rather than offering brand promotion. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2025-11-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/23 10.5281/zenodo.18860279 Open Access Cases; Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): Q4 2025 (October-December) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/23/38 Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/24 2026-03-14T03:06:18Z cases:C driver

From Packaging Valley to Global Dominance: The Strategic Trajectory of IMA S.p.A. De Santis, Martina Industrial Manufacturing Innovation Supply Chain Integration Digital Transformation Strategic Management Global Expansion Strategy IMA – Industria Macchine Automatiche S.p.A., founded in 1961 in Italy’s renowned “Packaging Valley,” has evolved from a regional machinery manufacturer into a globally influential provider of advanced processing and packaging solutions. Serving sectors such as pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and consumer goods, the company has built its leadership through sustained technological innovation, strategic international acquisitions, and a distinctive supply-chain integration model. Its strong financial performance and continued investments in digital transformation, sustainability, and customer-centric services position it as a compelling case for examining strategic adaptation, competitive advantage, and organizational evolution within high-technology manufacturing industries. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2025-11-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/24 Open Access Cases; Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): Q4 2025 (October-December) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/24/39 Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/25 2026-03-14T03:06:18Z cases:C driver

Bosta: Revolutionizing Last-Mile Logistics in Egypt and Beyond El-Kharaat, Ziyad Last-Mile Logistics Supply Chain Innovation Cash-on-Delivery (COD) Distribution Optimization Emerging Markets Tech-Enabled Logistics Egypt's e-commerce landscape, while burgeoning, has historically been hampered by significant last-mile logistics inefficiencies, characterized by fragmented delivery networks, unreliable services, and complex payment reconciliation processes. Into this challenging environment, Bosta, an Egypt-based logistics startup founded in 2017, has rapidly emerged as a pivotal player, offering a problem-solution framing through its innovative and tech-enabled delivery solutions. Bosta's core mission is to transform the local shipping market by directly addressing these systemic inefficiencies, capitalizing on the burgeoning demand for efficient e-commerce services. The company stands out by providing unique value propositions such as a 95% next-day delivery success rate and comprehensive payment solutions tailored for local market preferences. Its technological differentiation, particularly through real-time tracking, advanced route optimization, and the integration of financial services, has allowed it to enhance efficiency and reliability. Fueled by significant investment, including a $6.7 million Series A funding round in 2021 and an undisclosed pre-Series B round in 2022, and demonstrating an aggressive regional scaling strategy with key partnerships such as those with Valu and PayTabs in 2024 and an office in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Bosta is poised to become a market leader in e-commerce logistics across the Middle East and North Africa region. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2025-11-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/25 Open Access Cases; Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): Q4 2025 (October-December) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/25/40 Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/26 2025-11-30T04:47:08Z cases:RA driver

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/27 2026-03-14T03:15:53Z cases:C driver

The Fall of a Pharmacy Giant: Rite Aid’s 2025 Bankruptcy and Liquidation L. Davidson, Mark Retail Bankruptcy Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Rite Aid Corporation, once a formidable presence in the American retail pharmacy landscape, concluded its 63-year operational history with a complete liquidation in October 2025. This final dissolution followed a second Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in May 2025, merely eight months after emerging from its initial bankruptcy proceedings in September 2024. The trajectory of Rite Aid's decline offers a compelling case study into the multifaceted challenges confronting legacy retail and pharmacy businesses in the 21st century. This paper will delve into the critical events, strategic missteps, and macroeconomic forces that culminated in the company's ultimate demise, providing a comprehensive analysis for students and practitioners in retail strategy, bankruptcy and restructuring, consumer behavior, and competitive dynamics within the healthcare and retail sectors. The case of Rite Aid is particularly salient as it encapsulates a 'classic legacy retail/pharmacy decline story,' significantly accelerated by post-pandemic shifts and persistent economic headwinds. The company's repeated attempts at turnaround, its struggles with an unsustainable debt burden, declining foot traffic, intense competition from both traditional rivals and online disruptors, and broader macroeconomic pressures such as inflation and tariffs on goods, collectively paint a vivid picture of corporate vulnerability in a rapidly evolving market. By examining the 'before' and 'after' timelines of its failed restructuring efforts, supply-chain vulnerabilities, and the eventual bankruptcy outcomes, this case study aims to extract valuable lessons on resilience, adaptation, and the critical importance of sustainable business models in a fiercely competitive environment. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2026-03-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/27 10.5281/ Open Access Cases; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Q1 2026 (January-March) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/27/42 Copyright (c) 2026 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/28 2026-03-14T03:15:53Z cases:C driver

Manus AI: From Autonomous Agent Breakthrough to Cross-Border Acquisition and Regulatory Scrutiny Nag, Ruben The year 2025 marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of artificial intelligence, characterized by a significant shift from large language models primarily focused on conversational capabilities to the emergence of truly autonomous AI agents capable of independent planning and execution of complex tasks. At the forefront of this transformation was Manus AI, a Chinese-rooted startup that rapidly ascended to global prominence. Launched in March 2025, Manus distinguished itself as what many hailed as the world's first truly general-purpose autonomous AI agent. Unlike chatbots that respond to prompts, Manus was designed to do—to function as a virtual colleague that could independently manage workflows, conduct research, build applications, and operate within a sandboxed cloud environment, offering unprecedented transparency through a 'VM takeover' feature. This case study examines the extraordinary trajectory of Manus AI through the critical events of 2025 and early 2026. It chronicles the company's viral launch, its strategic relocation from China to Singapore to navigate geopolitical headwinds, its record-breaking growth to over $100 million in annual recurring revenue (ARR) within eight months, and its eventual blockbuster acquisition by Meta for a reported $2–3 billion. The narrative culminates with the post-acquisition review launched by China's Ministry of Commerce, which cast a shadow of regulatory uncertainty over the deal and highlighted the intensifying U.S.-China tech rivalry. By analyzing these events, this study explores several key themes: the strategic leap from generative to agentic AI, the challenges and opportunities for Chinese tech startups on the global stage, the complex dynamics of cross-border M&A in the AI sector, and the inherent risks and ethical considerations of autonomous systems. The story of Manus AI serves as a compelling lens through which to understand the intersection of technological innovation, business strategy, and geopolitical risk in the contemporary AI landscape. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2026-03-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/28 10.5281/ Open Access Cases; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Q1 2026 (January-March) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/28/43 Copyright (c) 2026 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/29 2026-03-14T03:15:53Z cases:C driver

Pakistan International Airlines: A Case Study in Privatization and Post-Sale Strategic Reorientation Qureshi, Mehwish State-Owned Enterprise Reform Public-Private Partnership Fiscal Reform Pakistan Privatization The privatization of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) has long been a contentious yet often necessary policy instrument for governments grappling with fiscal deficits and inefficient public sector operations. In December 2025, Pakistan embarked on a landmark economic reform by divesting a significant stake in its national flag carrier, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA). After decades of chronic financial losses, governance issues, and failed attempts at restructuring, the government successfully sold a 75% stake in PIA to a consortium led by Arif Habib Limited for approximately $482 million (Rs 135 billion). This transaction, widely televised and subject to intense public scrutiny, represents a pivotal moment in Pakistan’s economic history, illustrating both the potential for private-sector-led turnaround and the inherent complexities of privatizing a national icon. PIA, once a symbol of national pride and a pioneer in the aviation industry, had devolved into a significant financial burden on the Pakistani exchequer. Its persistent losses, mounting debts, and operational inefficiencies necessitated drastic measures, particularly under the stringent conditions of an International Monetary Fund (IMF) $7 billion loan program, which mandated the divestment of loss-making SOEs. The successful sale, exceeding the government’s floor price, was lauded by proponents as a critical step towards fiscal stability and economic revitalization. However, it also ignited a political storm, raising questions about transparency, the role of military-affiliated entities in the consortium, and the broader implications for national assets and employee welfare. This academic case study delves into the multifaceted aspects of PIA’s privatization, examining the historical context of its decline, the strategic rationale behind the divestment, the intricacies of the 2025 sale, and the ambitious post-privatization strategies outlined by the new ownership. It aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities inherent in such a large-scale privatization, offering valuable insights into SOE reform, public-private partnerships, crisis turnaround management, policy-driven mergers and acquisitions (M&A), and stakeholder management. By exploring the economic, political, and social dimensions of this event, the case study seeks to illuminate the delicate balance required to transform a struggling national enterprise into a commercially viable and sustainable entity, while navigating the complex landscape of public sentiment and political imperatives. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2026-02-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/29 10.5281/ Open Access Cases; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Q1 2026 (January-March) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/29/44 Copyright (c) 2026 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/30 2026-03-14T03:15:53Z cases:C driver

Archer-Daniels-Midland (ADM) Accounting and Disclosure Fraud: The 2025–2026 SEC Enforcement Action and its Implications for Financial Reporting and Internal Controls J. Broussard, Caleb ASC 280 Segment Reporting SOX Section 404 Compliance Accounting Disclosure Fraud Regulatory Compliance Earnings Management Internal Controls (SOX 404) Archer-Daniels-Midland (ADM), a global leader in agricultural origination and processing, found itself embroiled in a significant accounting and disclosure fraud investigation between 2025 and 2026. This case study delves into the intricacies of the alleged fraud, which centered on the manipulation of inter-segment transactions within ADM’s Nutrition division from 2019 to 2022. The investigation, culminating in a substantial settlement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in January 2026, exposed critical deficiencies in ADM’s financial reporting, internal controls, and corporate governance. This case serves as a compelling illustration for graduate-level students in accounting, finance, and corporate governance, highlighting the profound implications of earnings management, segment reporting manipulation, and the subsequent regulatory enforcement actions. The core of the alleged misconduct involved the strategic inflation of operating profits within the Nutrition segment through improper inter-segment transactions. This practice, reportedly driven by pressure to meet ambitious growth targets, led to a misrepresentation of the segment’s financial performance. The SEC’s investigation brought to light violations of fundamental accounting principles, particularly those related to segment reporting under ASC 280, which mandates that inter-segment pricing approximate market terms. The ensuing restatement of financial statements, coupled with the disclosure of material weaknesses in internal controls, triggered a significant decline in ADM’s stock price and raised serious questions about the oversight responsibilities of its executive leadership and audit committee. This case study will meticulously examine the mechanisms employed to shift profits, the specific accounting and regulatory violations, the breakdown of internal controls under SOX Section 404, and the comprehensive SEC enforcement action. Furthermore, it will analyze the market’s reaction to these revelations, the subsequent remediation efforts undertaken by ADM, and the broader lessons for corporate compliance and ethical leadership. By dissecting the ADM fraud, students will gain invaluable insights into the complexities of financial reporting in multinational conglomerates, the pressures that can lead to earnings management, and the critical role of robust internal controls and effective governance in safeguarding financial integrity and investor trust. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2026-03-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/30 10.5281/ Open Access Cases; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Q1 2026 (January-March) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/30/45 Copyright (c) 2026 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/32 2026-07-23T13:11:01Z cases:C driver

From Forgotten Hill Station to Global Landmark: The Rise of Sun World Ba Na Hills, Vietnam Ahuja, Bhawna Vietnam Tourism South East Asia Tourism Development Destination Branding Regional Economic Development Tourism Infrastructure This case study examines the strategic transformation of Sun World Ba Na Hills, Vietnam, from a neglected colonial-era hill station into one of Southeast Asia’s most recognized tourism destinations. It analyzes how Sun Group leveraged large-scale infrastructure investment, destination branding, experiential tourism, and innovative marketing to create a globally competitive attraction centered around the iconic Golden Bridge and an integrated tourism ecosystem. The study explores the park’s business model, investment strategy, operational management, human resource practices, community engagement initiatives, and digital transformation efforts. It further evaluates the destination’s economic contribution to Da Nang’s regional development, international brand recognition, and growing appeal among global tourist markets, including India. At the same time, the case highlights challenges associated with environmental sustainability, climate-related risks, and long-term destination competitiveness. Through strategic analysis and practical recommendations, the study provides insights into the development and management of large-scale tourism complexes in emerging markets, demonstrating how visionary leadership, innovative destination design, and sustainable planning can transform tourism assets into powerful drivers of economic growth and regional transformation. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2026-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/32 10.5281/ Open Access Cases; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): Q2 2026 (April-June) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/32/46 Copyright (c) 2026 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/33 2026-08-22T03:28:37Z cases:C driver

Celebi Aviation Holding in India: Strategic Disruption, Geopolitical Risk, and the Collapse of a Foreign Aviation Services Enterprise Ahuja, Bhawna Geopolitical Risk Political Risk Management Operation Sindoor India Turkey Geopolitical Risk Foreign Direct Investment Political Risk Management Corporate Strategy Regulatory Governance This case study examines the collapse of Çelebi Aviation Holding’s India operations following the revocation of its security clearance by India’s Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) in the aftermath of Operation Sindoor and the deterioration of India–Turkey relations in 2025. Through an analysis of government actions, judicial proceedings, corporate responses, financial disclosures, and industry developments, the study explores how geopolitical tensions, national security considerations, and regulatory authority can profoundly affect multinational enterprises operating in strategically sensitive sectors. The case highlights the vulnerability of foreign direct investment to geopolitical risk, the limits of corporate localization strategies during diplomatic crises, and the challenges faced by firms when national security concerns supersede commercial and legal considerations. It further evaluates the financial, operational, and reputational consequences of Çelebi’s abrupt market exit, including the loss of a highly profitable business segment, disruption of long-term concession agreements, and the rapid redistribution of its operations among competing service providers. By examining the intersection of international relations, public policy, and strategic management, the study provides valuable insights for business leaders, policymakers, investors, and scholars seeking to understand the growing influence of geopolitical dynamics on global business operations, regulatory decision-making, and investment risk in emerging markets. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2026-07-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/33 10.5281/ Open Access Cases; Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026): Q3 2026 (July-September) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/33/47 Copyright (c) 2026 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/34 2026-07-23T13:11:01Z cases:C driver

bKash Limited: From Closed-Loop Pioneer to Ecosystem Orchestrator in Bangladesh's Interoperable Digital Payments Landscape Chowdhury, Nayeem Islam bKash Bangla QR Mobile Financial Services Digital Payments Payment Orchestration Financial Inclusion Interoperability Emerging Markets Bangladesh Fintech Digital Payments Infrastructure Regulatory Disruption Platform Business Models This teaching case examines bKash Limited, Bangladesh’s dominant mobile financial services provider, as it navigates a fundamental strategic inflection point triggered by the regulatory mandate for Bangla QR, the country’s interoperable national payment system. Tracing bKash’s evolution from its 2011 launch as a bank-led, agent-assisted platform to serving over 83 million registered users by 2026, the case analyzes how the company built and sustained market leadership through extensive rural agent networks, asymmetric pricing, deep partnerships with BRAC, and powerful network effects in a cash-dominant emerging economy. It explores the erosion of bKash’s closed-loop advantages as Bangla QR enables seamless multi-homing across providers, drawing on frameworks including VRIO, SWOT, Business Model Canvas, and multi-sided platform economics. Comparative insights from India’s UPI, Brazil’s Pix, Indonesia’s QRIS, and other systems illuminate potential pathways for bKash to transition from a proprietary wallet leader to an orchestrator of value-added services within an open infrastructure. The case concludes with actionable strategic recommendations and an implementation roadmap, offering rich material for MBA and executive education on platform strategy, regulatory disruption, competitive dynamics, and financial inclusion in emerging markets. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2026-06-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/34 10.5281/ Open Access Cases; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): Q2 2026 (April-June) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/34/49 Copyright (c) 2026 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/35 2026-07-23T13:11:01Z cases:C driver

PatSnap’s Strategic Evolution: From Patent Search Tool to AI-Native Innovation Intelligence Platform Guhathakurta, Rahul PatSnap Patent analytics IP analytics platform Innovation intelligence AI-native platform Enterprise AI adoption Strategic Management Innovation Management SaaS Business Models Platform Ecosystems Intellectual Property Management This case study analyzes PatSnap’s evolution from a 2007 Singapore-based patent search startup founded by Jeffrey Tiong into a leading AI-native innovation intelligence platform. It examines how the company has leveraged a proprietary global dataset of over 200 million patents across 174 jurisdictions, specialized vertical capabilities in life sciences and chemicals, and the Eureka platform with domain-specific AI agents (powered by Hiro AI) to deliver workflow-level productivity gains in R&D, prior art analysis, freedom-to-operate checks, and ideation. Applying strategic frameworks including the Business Model Canvas, Resource-Based View, Dynamic Capabilities, platform ecosystem analysis, and competitive positioning, the study assesses PatSnap’s SaaS business model, strong data and AI moat, customer base of over 12,000 teams (including approximately one-third of the world’s largest R&D spenders), financial performance exceeding US$100 million ARR, and its June 2026 confidential dual-IPO filings in Hong Kong and Singapore. The analysis highlights opportunities in embedded AI partnerships and global expansion alongside risks from intensifying competition and post-listing pressures, offering actionable recommendations and discussion questions for scholars and practitioners in technology strategy and intellectual property management. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2026-06-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/35 10.5281/ Open Access Cases; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): Q2 2026 (April-June) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/35/50 Copyright (c) 2026 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs2.oacases.com:article/36 2026-07-23T13:11:01Z cases:C driver

Pioneering Intelligent Manufacturing at SANY Heavy Industry Chen, Wang Xue Intelligent manufacturing Digital transformation Industry 4.0 Globalization strategy Dynamic capabilities Strategic Management Technology and Innovation Management Operations Management Sustainability in Manufacturing Emerging Markets International Business This case study examines how SANY Heavy Industry Co., Ltd. evolved from a domestic Chinese construction equipment producer into a global leader between 2018 and 2025 by simultaneously building world-class intelligent manufacturing capabilities and executing an adaptive internationalization strategy. Applying the Resource-Based View, Dynamic Capabilities framework, and manufacturing value chain analysis to financial disclosures, operational metrics, patent data, and WEF Global Lighthouse Network documentation, the study analyzes SANY’s development of 47 Lighthouse Factories—including two World Economic Forum-certified sites—its integrated IIoT, AI, and digital twin systems, and the resulting productivity gains (e.g., +123% capacity and –29% unit costs at the flagship Changsha No. 18 Factory), cost reductions, and quality improvements. It further explores the company’s pivot to 64% international revenue, diversification into electric and autonomous products, hybrid global production network, and strengthening customer value proposition through smart and sustainable offerings. The findings demonstrate how SANY created rare, valuable, and difficult-to-imitate strategic resources and dynamic capabilities that delivered operational excellence and resilience during domestic cyclical downturns, while positioning the firm as a high-volume technology-upgrading challenger. The study concludes with recommendations for consolidating competitive advantage and offers transferable lessons for both legacy manufacturers and emerging market multinationals pursuing digital transformation and global leadership in capital-intensive industries. IndraStra Global Publishing Solutions Inc. 2026-06-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/36 10.5281/ Open Access Cases; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): Q2 2026 (April-June) 3067-0349 en https://oacases.com/index.php/cases/article/view/36/51 Copyright (c) 2026 Open Access Cases https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0